United Nations Reference - US - Iraq War

US - Iraq War

ProCon.org is an independent, nonpartisan, 501(c)(3) nonprofit public charity

Video introduction to ProCon.org and the pros and cons of controversial topics

Last updated on: 10/30/2007 9:08:00 AM PST

United Nations Reference

UNITED NATIONS
The United Nations

UNSCR
The United Nations Security Council

MEMBER STATES
The Member States of the United Nations

UNSCR Membership and Presidency
The Members and Presidents of the Security Council

UNSCOM
The United Nations Special Commission

UNMOVIC
The United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission

The following are statements of general reference which are not clearly pro or con. The statements are provided solely as a background resource to the question, "Should the US have attacked Iraq?"


I. THE UNITED NATIONS	TOP

The United Nations stated in, "Basic Facts about the United Nations" (accessed June 13, 2003):

"THE UNITED NATIONS: ORGANIZATION

In 1945, representatives of 50 countries met in San Francisco at the United Nations Conference on International Organization to draw up the United Nations Charter. The Organization officially came into existence on 24 Oct. 1945, when the Charter had been ratified by China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United States and a majority of other signatories. United Nations Day is celebrated on 24 Oct..

Charter

The Charter is the constituting instrument of the United Nations, setting out the rights and obligations of Member States, and establishing the Organization's organs and procedures.

Purposes

The purposes of the United Nations, as set forth in the Charter, are to maintain international peace and security; to develop friendly relations among nations; to cooperate in solving international economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems and in promoting respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms; and to be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in attaining these ends.

Structure

The six principal organs of the United Nations, are the: General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship Council, International Court of Justice and Secretariat. The United Nations family, however, is much larger, encompassing 15 agencies and several programmes and bodies.

Budget

The budget for the two years 2000-2001 is $2,535 million. The main source of funds is the contributions of Member States, which are assessed on a scale approved by the General Assembly.

The fundamental criterion on which the scale of assessments is based is the capacity of countries to pay. This is determined by considering their relative shares of total gross national product, adjusted to take into account a number of factors, including their per capita incomes. In addition, countries are assessed -- in accordance with a modified version of the basic scale -- for the costs of peacekeeping operations, which stood at around $2 billion in 2000.

The United Nations Family

The United Nations family of organizations is made up of the United Nations Secretariat, the United Nations programmes and funds -- such as the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the UN Development Programme (UNDP) -- and the specialized agencies. The programmes, funds and agencies have their own governing bodies and budgets, and set their own standards and guidelines. Together, they provide technical assistance and other forms of practical help in virtually all areas of economic and social endeavour."
June 13, 2003 United Nations


II. The United Nations Security Council	TOP

The United Nations stated in, "UN Security Council:Background" (accessed June 13, 2003): The Security Council has primary responsibility, under the Charter, for the maintenance of international peace and security. It is so organized as to be able to function continuously, and a representative of each of its members must be present at all times at United Nations Headquarters. On 31 Jan. 1992, the first ever Summit Meeting of the Council was convened at Headquarters, attended by Heads of State and Government of 13 of its 15 members and by the Ministers for Foreign Affairs of the remaining two. The Council may meet elsewhere than at Headquarters; in 1972, it held a session in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and the following year in Panama City, Panama. When a complaint concerning a threat to peace is brought before it, the Council's first action is usually to recommend to the parties to try to reach agreement by peaceful means. In some cases, the Council itself undertakes investigation and mediation. It may appoint special representatives or request the Secretary-General to do so or to use his good offices. It may set forth principles for a peaceful settlement. When a dispute leads to fighting, the Council's first concern is to bring it to an end as soon as possible. On many occasions, the Council has issued cease-fire directives which have been instrumental in preventing wider hostilities. It also sends United Nations peace-keeping forces to help reduce tensions in troubled areas, keep opposing forces apart and create conditions of calm in which peaceful settlements may be sought. The Council may decide on enforcement measures, economic sanctions (such as trade embargoes) or collective military action. A Member State against which preventive or enforcement action has been taken by the Security Council may be suspended from the exercise of the rights and privileges of membership by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council. A Member State which has persistently violated the principles of the Charter may be expelled from the United Nations by the Assembly on the Council's recommendation. A State which is a Member of the United Nations but not of the Security Council may participate, without a vote, in its discussions when the Council considers that that country's interests are affected. Both Members of the United Nations and non-members, if they are parties to a dispute being considered by the Council, are invited to take part, without a vote, in the Council's discussions; the Council sets the conditions for participation by a non-member State. The Presidency of the Council rotates monthly, according to the English alphabetical listing of its member States." June 13, 2003 United Nations


III. THE Member States of the United Nations	TOP

The following, from the United Nations website "List of Member States" (accessed July 29, 2004), listed the 191 Member States of the United Nations, with dates on which they joined the Organization.

Member State

Date of Admission

Afghanistan

19 Nov. 1946

Albania

14 Dec. 1955

Algeria

8 Oct. 1962

Andorra

28 July 1993

Angola

1 Dec. 1976

Antigua and Barbuda

11 Nov. 1981

Argentina

24 Oct. 1945

Armenia

2 Mar. 1992

Australia

1 Nov. 1945

Austria

14 Dec. 1955

Azerbaijan

2 Mar. 1992

Bahamas

18 Sep. 1973

Bahrain

21 Sep. 1971

Bangladesh

17 Sep. 1974

Barbados

9 Dec. 1966

Belarus*

24 Oct. 1945

*On 19 Sep. 1991, Byelorussia informed the United Nations that it had changed its name to Belarus.

Belgium

27 Dec. 1945

Belize

25 Sep. 1981

Benin

20 Sep. 1960

Bhutan

21 Sep. 1971

Bolivia

14 Nov. 1945

Bosnia and Herzegovina*

22 May 1992

The Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was admitted as a Member of the United Nations by General Assembly resolution A/RES/46/237 of 22 May 1992.

Botswana

17 Oct. 1966

Brazil

24 Oct. 1945

Brunei Darussalam

21 Sep. 1984

Bulgaria

14 Dec. 1955

Burkina Faso

20 Sep. 1960

Burundi

18 Sep. 1962

Cambodia

14 Dec. 1955

Cameroon

20 Sep. 1960

Canada

9 Nov. 1945

Cape Verde

16 Sep. 1975

Central African Republic

20 Sep. 1960

Chad

20 Sep. 1960

Chile

24 Oct. 1945

China

24 Oct. 1945

Colombia

5 Nov. 1945

Comoros

12 Nov. 1975

Congo

20 Sep. 1960

Costa Rica

2 Nov. 1945

Côte d'Ivoire

20 Sep. 1960

Croatia*

22 May 1992

The Republic of Croatia was admitted as a Member of the United Nations by General Assembly resolution A/RES/46/238 of 22 May 1992.

Cuba

24 Oct. 1945

Cyprus

20 Sep. 1960

Czech Republic*

19 Jan. 1993

*Czechoslovakia was an original Member of the United Nations from 24 Oct. 1945. In a letter dated 10 Dec. 1992, its Permanent Representative informed the Secretary-General that the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic would cease to exist on 31 Dec. 1992 and that the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic, as successor States, would apply for membership in the United Nations. Following the receipt of its application, the Security Council, on 8 Jan. 1993, recommended to the General Assembly that the Czech Republic be admitted to United Nations membership. The Czech Republic was thus admitted on 19 Jan. of that year as a Member State.

Democratic People's Republic of Korea

17 Sep. 1991

Democratic Republic of the Congo

20 Sep. 1960

Denmark

24 Oct. 1945

Djibouti

20 Sep. 1977

Dominica

18 Dec. 1978

Dominican Republic

24 Oct. 1945

Ecuador

21 Dec. 1945

Egypt*

24 Oct. 1945

*Egypt and Syria were original Members of the United Nations from 24 Oct. 1945. Following a plebiscite on 21 Feb. 1958, the United Arab Republic was established by a union of Egypt and Syria and continued as a single Member. On 13 Oct. 1961, Syria, having resumed its status as an independent State, resumed its separate membership in the United Nations. On 2 Sep. 1971, the United Arab Republic changed its name to the Arab Republic of Egypt.

El Salvador

24 Oct. 1945

Equatorial Guinea

12 Nov. 1968

Eritrea

28 May 1993

Estonia

17 Sep. 1991

Ethiopia

13 Nov. 1945

Fiji

13 Oct. 1970

Finland

14 Dec. 1955

France

24 Oct. 1945

Gabon

20 Sep. 1960

Gambia

21 Sep. 1965

Georgia

31 July 1992

Germany*

18 Sep. 1973

*The Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic were admitted to membership in the United Nations on 18 Sep. 1973. Through the accession of the German Democratic Republic to the Federal Republic of Germany, effective from 3 Oct. 1990, the two German States have united to form one sovereign State.

Ghana

8 Mar. 1957

Greece

25 Oct. 1945

Grenada

17 Sep. 1974

Guatemala

21 Nov. 1945

Guinea

12 Dec. 1958

Guinea-Bissau

17 Sep. 1974

Guyana

20 Sep. 1966

Haiti

24 Oct. 1945

Honduras

17 Dec. 1945

Hungary

14 Dec. 1955

Iceland

19 Nov. 1946

India

30 Oct. 1945

Indonesia*

28 Sep. 1950

*By letter of 20 Jan. 1965, Indonesia announced its decision to withdraw from the United Nations "at this stage and under the present circumstances." By telegram of 19 Sep. 1966, it announced its decision "to resume full cooperation with the United Nations and to resume participation in its activities." On 28 Sep. 1966, the General Assembly took note of this decision and the President invited representatives of Indonesia to take seats in the Assembly.

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

24 Oct. 1945

Iraq

21 Dec. 1945

Ireland

14 Dec. 1955

Israel

11 May 1949

Italy

14 Dec. 1955

Jamaica

18 Sep. 1962

Japan

18 Dec. 1956

Jordan

14 Dec. 1955

Kazakhstan

2 Mar. 1992

Kenya

16 Dec. 1963

Kiribati

14 Sept. 1999

Kuwait

14 May 1963

Kyrgyzstan

2 Mar. 1992

Lao People's Democratic Republic

14 Dec. 1955

Latvia

17 Sep. 1991

Lebanon

24 Oct. 1945

Lesotho

17 Oct. 1966

Liberia

2 Nov. 1945

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

14 Dec. 1955

Liechtenstein

18 Sep. 1990

Lithuania

17 Sep. 1991

Luxembourg

24 Oct. 1945

Madagascar

20 Sep. 1960

Malawi

1 Dec. 1964

Malaysia*

17 Sep. 1957

*The Federation of Malaya joined the United Nations on 17 Sep. 1957. On 16 Sep. 1963, its name was changed to Malaysia, following the admission to the new federation of Singapore, Sabah (North Borneo) and Sarawak. Singapore became an independent State on 9 Aug. 1965 and a Member of the United Nations on 21 Sep. 1965.

Maldives

21 Sep. 1965

Mali

28 Sep. 1960

Malta

1 Dec. 1964

Marshall Islands

17 Sep. 1991

Mauritania

27 Oct. 1961

Mauritius

24 Apr. 1968

Mexico

7 Nov. 1945

Micronesia (Federated States of)

17 Sep. 1991

Monaco

28 May 1993

Mongolia

27 Oct. 1961

Morocco

12 Nov. 1956

Mozambique

16 Sep. 1975

Myanmar

19 Apr. 1948

Namibia

23 Apr. 1990

Nauru

14 Sept. 1999

Nepal

14 Dec. 1955

Netherlands

10 Dec. 1945

New Zealand

24 Oct. 1945

Nicaragua

24 Oct. 1945

Niger

20 Sep. 1960

Nigeria

7 Oct. 1960

Norway

27 Nov. 1945

Oman

7 Oct. 1971

Pakistan

30 Sep. 1947

Palau

15 Dec. 1994

Panama

13 Nov. 1945

Papua New Guinea

10 Oct. 1975

Paraguay

24 Oct. 1945

Peru

31 Oct. 1945

Philippines

24 Oct. 1945

Poland

24 Oct. 1945

Portugal

14 Dec. 1955

Qatar

21 Sep. 1971

Republic of Korea

17 Sep. 1991

Republic of Moldova

2 Mar. 1992

Romania

14 Dec. 1955

Russian Federation*

24 Oct. 1945

*The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was an original Member of the United Nations from 24 Oct. 1945. In a letter dated 24 Dec. 1991, Boris Yeltsin, the President of the Russian Federation, informed the Secretary-General that the membership of the Soviet Union in the Security Council and all other United Nations organs was being continued by the Russian Federation with the support of the 11 member countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States.

Rwanda

18 Sep. 1962

Saint Kitts and Nevis

23 Sep. 1983

Saint Lucia

18 Sep. 1979

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

16 Sep. 1980

Samoa

15 Dec. 1976

San Marino

2 Mar. 1992

Sao Tome and Principe

16 Sep. 1975

Saudi Arabia

24 Oct. 1945

Senegal

28 Sep. 1960

Serbia and Montenegro*

1 Nov. 2000

*The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was an original Member of the United Nations, the Charter having been signed on its behalf on 26 June 1945 and ratified 19 Oct. 1945, until its dissolution following the establishment and subsequent admission as new members of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Republic of Croatia, the Republic of Slovenia, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was admitted as a Member of the United Nations by General Assembly resolution A/RES/55/12 of 1 Nov. 2000.
Following the adoption and the promulgation of the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro by the Assembly of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia on 4 Feb. 2003, the name of the State of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was changed to Serbia and Montenegro.

Seychelles

21 Sep. 1976

Sierra Leone

27 Sep. 1961

Singapore

21 Sep. 1965

Slovakia*

19 Jan. 1993

*Czechoslovakia was an original Member of the United Nations from 24 Oct. 1945. In a letter dated 10 Dec. 1992, its Permanent Representative informed the Secretary-General that the Czech and Slovak Federal Republicwould cease to exist on 31 Dec. 1992 and that the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic, as successor States, would apply for membership in the United Nations. Following the receipt of its application, the Security Council, on 8 Jan. 1993, recommended to the General Assembly that the Slovak Republic be admitted to United Nations membership. The Slovak Republic was thus admitted on 19 Jan. of that year as a Member State.

Slovenia*

22 May 1992

Solomon Islands

19 Sep. 1978

Somalia

20 Sep. 1960

South Africa

7 Nov. 1945

Spain

14 Dec. 1955

Sri Lanka

14 Dec. 1955

Sudan

12 Nov. 1956

Suriname

4 Dec. 1975

Swaziland

24 Sep. 1968

Sweden

19 Nov. 1946

Switzerland

10 Sep. 2002

Syrian Arab Republic*

24 Oct. 1945

Tajikistan

2 Mar. 1992

Thailand

16 Dec. 1946

The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia*

8 Apr. 1993

*The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was an original Member of the United Nations, the Charter having been signed on its behalf on 26 June 1945 and ratified 19 Oct. 1945, until its dissolution following the establishment and subsequent admission as new members of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Republic of Croatia, the Republic of Slovenia, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
By resolution A/RES/47/225 of 8 Apr. 1993, the General Assembly decided to admit as a Member of the United Nations the State being provisionally referred to for all purposes within the United Nations as "The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" pending settlement of the difference that had arisen over its name.

Timor-Leste

27 Sep. 2002

Togo

20 Sep. 1960

Tonga

14 Sep. 1999

Trinidad and Tobago

18 Sep. 1962

Tunisia

12 Nov. 1956

Turkey

24 Oct. 1945

Turkmenistan

2 Mar. 1992

Tuvalu

5 Sept. 2000

Uganda

25 Oct. 1962

Ukraine

24 Oct. 1945

United Arab Emirates

9 Dec. 1971

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

24 Oct. 1945

United Republic of Tanzania*

14 Dec. 1961)

*Tanganyika was a Member of the United Nations from 14 Dec. 1961 and Zanzibar was a Member from 16 Dec. 1963. Following the ratification on 26 Apr. 1964 of Articles of Union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar, the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar continued as a single Member, changing its name to the United Republic of Tanzania on 1 Nov. 1964.

United States of America

24 Oct. 1945

Uruguay

18 Dec. 1945

Uzbekistan

2 Mar. 1992

Vanuatu

15 Sep. 1981

Venezuela

15 Nov. 1945

Viet Nam

20 Sep. 1977

Yemen*

30 Sep. 1947

*Yemen was admitted to membership in the United Nations on 30 Sep. 1947 and Democratic Yemen on 14 Dec. 1967. On 22 May 1990, the two countries merged and have since been represented as one Member with the name "Yemen."

Zambia

1 Dec. 1964

Zimbabwe

25 Aug. 1980

Source: UN Press Release ORG/1317 (Sep. 26, 2000) - Updated Apr. 24, 2003
July 29, 2004United Nations


IV. THE UN SECURITY COUNCIL MEMBERSHIP AND PRESIDENCY (for years 2004 and 2003)	TOP

The United Nations website stated in "Membership and Presidency of the Security Council in 2004" that the Security Council has 15 members -- five permanent members and 10 elected by the General Assembly -- for two-year terms. Membership and Presidency of the Security Council in 2004 was:

MONTH	PRESIDENCY	MEMBERSHIP TERM ENDS
Jan.	Chile	31 Dec. 2004
Feb.	China	Permanent Member
Mar.	France	Permanent Member
Apr.	Germany	31 Dec. 2004
May	Pakistan	31 Dec. 2004
June	Philippines	31 Dec. 2005
July	Romania	31 Dec. 2005
Aug.	Russian Federation	Permanent Member
Sep.	Spain	31 Dec. 2004
Oct.	United Kingdom	Permanent Member
Nov.	United States	Permanent Member
Dec.	Algeria	31 Dec. 2005
	Angola	31 Dec. 2004
	Benin	31 Dec. 2005
	Brazil	31 Dec. 2005

	The Following countries began their two-year membership term on 1 Jan. 2004 - Algeria, Benin, Brazil, Philippines, and Romania." July 30, 2004 United Nations
	The following was stated on the United Nations website in "Membership and Presidency of the Security Council in 2003" (accessed June 13, 2003): The Council has 15 members -- five permanent members and 10 elected by the General Assembly for two-year terms. Membership and Presidency of the Security Council in 2003:

MONTH	PRESIDENCY	MEMBERSHIP TERM ENDS
Jan.	France	Permanent Member
Feb.	Germany	31 Dec. 2004
Mar.	Guinea	31 Dec. 2003
Apr.	Mexico	31 Dec. 2003
May	Pakistan	31 Dec. 2004
June	Russian Federation	Permanent Member
July	Spain	31 Dec. 2004
Aug.	Syrian Arab Republic	31 Dec. 2003
Sep.	United Kingdom	Permanent Member
Oct.	United States	Permanent Member
Nov.	Angola	31 Dec. 2004
Dec.	Bulgaria	31 Dec. 2003
	Cameroon	31 Dec. 2003
	China	Permanent Member
	Chile	31 Dec. 2004

The Following countries began their two-year membership term on Jan. 2003; Angola, Chile, Germany, Pakistan, and Spain.

Each Council member has one vote. Decisions on procedural matters are made by an affirmative vote of at least nine of the 15 members. Decisions on substantive matters require nine votes, including the concurring votes of all five permanent members. This is the rule of 'great Power unanimity', often referred to as the 'veto' power.

Under the Charter, all Members of the United nations agree to accept and carry out the decisions of the Security Council. While other organs of the United Nations make recommendations to Governments, the Council alone has the power to take decisions which Member States are obligated under the Charter to carry out."
June 13, 2003 United Nations


V. THE UNITED NATIONS SPECIAL COMMISSION (UNSCOM)	TOP

The United Nations stated in, "UNSCOM: Basic Facts" (accessed June 13, 2003):

"Establishment

By its resolution 687 of 3 Apr. 1991, the United Nations Security Council established the terms and conditions for the formal cease-fire between Iraq and the coalition of Member States co-operating with Kuwait. Section C of this resolution called for the elimination, under international supervision, of Iraq's weapons of mass destruction and ballistic missiles with a range greater than 150 kilometers(km.), together with related items and production facilities. It also called for measures to ensure that the acquisition and production of prohibited items were not resumed. The United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM) was set up to implement the non-nuclear provision of the resolution and to assist the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in the nuclear areas. The precise terms are laid out in paragraphs 7 to 13 of the resolution.

Composition

On 18 Apr. 1991, after Iraq had formally accepted the provisions of resolution 687, the Secretary-General submitted to the Security Council his report regarding the establishment of the United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM). Following acceptance by the Security Council of the report on 19 Apr., the Secretary-General appointed Ambassador Rolf Ekeus (Sweden) as the Executive Chairman of the Special Commission. On 1 May 1991, the Secretary-General appointed 20 other members of the Commission, from Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, China, the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Poland, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, the United States and Venezuela.

Mr. Richard Butler (Australia) replaced Ambassador Rolf Ekeus as the Executive Chairman on 1 July 1997. Mr. Butler completed his two-year tenure as Executive Chairman on 30 June 1999. A successor was not appointed. The Deputy Executive Chairman, Mr. Charles Duelfer (United States), was officer-in-charge from 1 July 1999, to 17 Dec. 1999, at which time UNSCOM was replaced by the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC) through the adoption of resolution 1248 (1999) of 17 Dec. 1999.

Full sessions of members of the Commission have been held approximately twice yearly in New York to discuss policy issues and to assess the results of operations to date."
June 13, 2003 United Nations


VI. THE UNITED NATIONS MONITORING, VERIFICATION AND INSPECTION COMMISSION (UNMOVIC)	TOP

The United Nations stated in, "UNMOVIC: Basic Facts" (accessed June 13, 2003):

"The United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC) was created through the adoption of Security Council resolution 1284 of 17 Dec. 1999. UNMOVIC was to replace the former UN Special Commission (UNSCOM) and continue with the latter's mandate to disarm Iraq of its weapons of mass destruction (chemical, biological weapons and missiles with a range of more than 150 km.), and to operate a system of ongoing monitoring and verification to check Iraq's compliance with its obligations not to re-acquire the same weapons prohibited by the Security Council.

The Secretary-General of the United Nations appointed Dr. Hans Blix of Sweden to be the Commissions Executive Chairman. In addition, the Secretary-General appointed 16 individuals to serve on the College of Commissioners of UNMOVIC which provides advice and guidance to the Chairman in the execution of his duties. In conformity with the Charter of the United Nations, the Commission's staff are selected on the basis of securing the highest standard of efficiency, competence and integrity, taking into consideration the importance of recruiting staff on as wide a geographical basis as possible. The Commission's staff include weapons specialists, analysts, scientists, engineers and operational planners.

The Commission is financed from a small portion of the monies raised from the export of oil from Iraq (the 'oil-for-food' programme). Unlike its predecessor, UNSCOM, the staff of UNMOVIC are employees of the United Nations. In addition to the Office of the Chairman with executive, legal and liason functions, UNMOVIC comprises four divisions (Planning and Operations, Analysis and Assessment, Information, Technical Support and Training) as well as an administrative service. The Commission maintains its headquarters at the United Nations in New York.

The executive Chairman is required to report to the Security Council on the activities of UNMOVIC every three months. In accordance with the resolution establishing UNMOVIC, he must consult the College of Commissioners on written reports to the Council. Thus, the College of Commissioners of UNMOVIC meets at least four times a year in closed session to discuss the report and other organizational and operational activities."
June 13, 2003 United Nations

Visit the ProCon.org community on: